COUGAR

FELIDAE

COMMON NAME	FAMILY	GENUS	SCIENTIFIC NAME	SUB SPECIES - 7
COUGAR	Felidae	Puma	Puma concolor	1.     Argentine Puma - Puma concolor cabrerae
The cougar (Puma concolor), also known asthe mountain lion, puma, panther, painter, mountain cat, or catamount, is a large cat of the family Felidae native to the Americas. Its range, from the Canadian Yukon to the southern Andes of South America, is the greatest of any large wild terrestrial mammal in the Western Hemisphere. An adaptable, generalist species, the cougar is found in most American habitat types. It is the second heaviest cat in the New World, after the jaguar. Secretive and largely solitary by nature, the cougar is properly considered both nocturnal andcrepuscular, although sightings during daylight hours do occur. The cougar is more closely related to smaller felines, including the domestic cat(subfamily Felinae), than to any subspecies of lion (subfamily Pantherinae). An excellent stalk-and-ambush predator, the cougar pursues a wide variety of prey. Primary food sources include ungulates such as deer, elk, moose, and bighorn sheep, as well as domestic cattle, horses and sheep, particularly in the northern part of its range. It will also hunt species as small as insects and rodents. This cat prefers habitats with dense underbrush and rocky areas for stalking, but can also live in open areas. The cougar isterritorial and survives at low population densities. Individual territory sizes depend on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey. While large, it is not always the apex predator in its range, yielding to the jaguar, gray wolf, American black bear, and grizzly bear. It is reclusive and usually avoids people.Fatal attacks on humans are rare, but have been trending upward in recent years as more people enter their territory. Excessive hunting following European colonization of the Americas and the ongoing human development of cougar habitat has caused populations to drop in most parts of its historical range. In particular, the cougar was extirpated in eastern North America in the beginning of the 20th century, except for an isolated subpopulation in Florida. However, in recent decades, breeding populations have moved east into the far western parts of the Dakotas, Nebraska, and Oklahoma. Transient males have been verified in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and Illinois, where a cougar was shot in the city limits of Chicago and, in at least one instance, observed as far east as Connecticut. Today, reports of eastern cougars (Puma concolor cougar) still surface, but the last verified one was killed in 2011.				2.     Costa Rican Cougar - Puma concolor costaricensis
				3.     Eastern South American Cougar - Puma concolor capricornensis
				4.     North American Cougar - Puma concolor couguar
				5.     Northerh South American Cougar - Puma concolor concolor
				6.     Southern South American Cougar - Puma concolor puma
				7.     Florida Panther - Puma concolor coryi

CLOUDED LEOPARD

FELIDAE

COMMON NAME	FAMILY	GENUS	SCIENTIFIC NAME	SUB SPECIES – 2
CLOUDED LEOPARD	Felidae	Neofelis	Neofelis nebulosa	1.     (Neofelis nebulosa nebulosa)
The clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) is a cat found from the Himalayan foothills through mainland Southeast Asia into China, and has been classified as Vulnerable in 2008 by IUCN. Its total population size is suspected to be fewer than 10,000 mature individuals, with a decreasing population trend, and no single population numbering more than 1,000 adults. The clouded leopard is considered to form an evolutionary link between the big cats and the small cats. The Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi) found on Sumatra and Borneo is genetically distinct and has been considered a separate species since 2006. Both Neofelis species are the smallest of the big cats, and are not closely related to the leopard.				2.     (Neofelis nebulosa macrosceloides)

COMMON NAME	FAMILY	GENUS	SCIENTIFIC NAME	SUB SPECIES – 2
SUNDA CLOUDED LEOPARD	Felidae	Neofelis	Neofelis diardi	1.     Bornean Sunda Clouded Leopard - Neofelis diardi borneensis
The Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi), also known as the Sundaland clouded leopard, is a medium-sized wild cat found in Borneo andSumatra. In 2006, it was classified as a separate species, distinct from its continental relative Neofelis nebulosa. In 2008, the IUCN classified the species as vulnerable, with a total effective population size suspected to be fewer than 10,000 mature individuals, and a decreasing population trend. Previously, the species was known as the Bornean clouded leopard — a name publicised by the WWF in March 2007, quoting Dr. Stephen O'Brien of the U.S. National Cancer Institute as saying, "Genetic research results clearly indicate that the clouded leopard of Borneo should be considered a separate species".				2.     Sumatran Sunda Clouded Leopard -  Neofelis diardi diardi

SNOW LEOPARD

FELIDAE

COMMON NAME	FAMILY	GENUS	SCIENTIFIC NAME	SUB SPECIES - 2
SNOW LEOPARD	Felidae	Uncia	Uncia uncia	1.     (U. u. uncia)
The snow leopard (Panthera uncia or Uncia uncia) is a   moderately large cat native to the mountain ranges of Central Asia. The classification of this species has been subject to change, and as of 2000, it is still classified as Uncia uncia by MSW3. and CITES Appendix I. However, with more recent genetic studies, the snow leopard is now generally considered as Panthera uncia and classified as such by IUCN. Classically, two subspecies have been attributed, but genetic differences between the two have not been settled. The snow leopard is listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as globally Endangered (EN). Snow leopards are National Heritage Animal of Pakistan. Snow leopards occupy alpine and subalpine areas generally 3,350 to 6,700 metres (10,990 to 21,980 ft) above sea level in Central Asia. McCarthy and Chapron (2003) compiled national snow leopard population estimates, updating the work of Fox (1994). Many of the estimates are acknowledged to be rough and out of date, but the total estimated population is 4,150–7,350. However, the global snow leopard effective population size (those likely to reproduce) is suspected to be fewer than 2,500 (50% of the total population, or 2,040–3,295).				2.     (U. u. uncioides)

JAGUAR

FELIDAE

COMMON NAME	FAMILY	GENUS	SCIENTIFIC NAME	SUB SPECIES - 9
JAGUAR	Felidae	Panthera	Panthera onca	1.     (Panthera onca onca)
The jaguar (/ˈdʒæɡwɑr/ or UK /ˈdʒæɡjuː.ər/), Panthera onca, is a big cat, a feline in the Panthera genus, and is the only Panthera species found in the Americas. The jaguar is the third-largest feline after the tiger and the lion, and the largest in the Western Hemisphere. The jaguar's present range extends from Southwestern United States and Mexico across much of Central America and south to Paraguay and northern Argentina. Apart from a known and possibly breeding population in Arizona (southeast of Tucson), the cat has largely been extirpated from the United States since the early 20th century. This spotted cat most closely resembles the leopard physically, although it is usually larger and of sturdier build and its behavioral and habitatcharacteristics are closer to those of the tiger. While dense rainforest is its preferred habitat, the jaguar will range across a variety of forested and open terrains. It is strongly associated with the presence of water and is notable, along with the tiger, as a feline that enjoys swimming. The jaguar is largely a solitary, opportunistic, stalk-and-ambush predator at the top of the food chain (an apex predator). It is a keystone species, playing an important role in stabilizing ecosystems and regulating the populations of the animals it hunts. The jaguar has an exceptionally powerful bite, even relative to the other big cats. This allows it to pierce the shells of armored reptiles and to employ an unusual killing method: it bites directly through the skull of prey between the ears to deliver a fatal bite to the brain. The jaguar is a near threatened species and its numbers are declining. Threats include loss and fragmentation of habitat. While international trade in jaguars or their parts is prohibited, the cat is still frequently killed by humans, particularly in conflicts with ranchers and farmers in South America. Although reduced, its range remains large; given its historical distribution, the jaguar has featured prominently in the mythology of numerous indigenous American cultures, including those of the Maya and Aztec.				2.     Peruvian Jaguar - P. onca peruviana
				3.     Mexican Jaguar - P. onca hernandesii
				4.     Central American Jaguar - P. onca centralis
				5.     Arizona Jaguar - P. onca arizonensis
				6.     (P. onca veraecrucis)
				7.     Goldman’s Jaguar - P. onca goldmani
				8.     (P. onca palustris)
				9.     (P. o. paraguensis)